4、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿伦.坡
①show his true talents as an editor, poet, literary critic. 编辑、诗人、文学评论家。
②Graham’s Magazine 格雷厄姆杂志(坡的工作场所)
③“The Fall of the House of Usher”《鄂谢府崩溃记》、“The Raven”《乌鸦》the title poem of a collection,
“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”《述异集》first collection of short stories. 第一部短篇小说集。
④often use grotesque or fantastic events.擅长描写哥特式和幻想类的小说。
5、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生
①be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。
②Emerson believed above all in individualism个人主义, independence of mind思想独立, and self-reliance自强.
③作品:“Nature”《论自然》、“Essays”《随笔录》、 “The American Scholar”《美国学者》, our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我们知识分子的独立宣言。
④his most important works are “Representative Men ”《代表》and “English Traits”《英国人》、“Poems”《诗集》
⑤摘自《论自然》:Standing on the bare ground, -my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, -all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. 人形的约束没有了。
6、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗
①Emerson’s truest disciple. Put into practice many of Emerson’s theories 爱默生最忠实的信徒,把爱默生的许多理论付诸于实践。
②“In Walden”《沃尔登》成名作。“Civil Disobedience”《平民反抗》essay 随笔。非暴力不合作
③教义:I would not have anyone adopt my mode of living, each should find out his own way, not his neighbor’s or his parents. 我不希望人们接受我的生活模式,每一个都应该发现自己的生活方式,不是邻居的,也不是他父母的。
★7、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑
①background: one of his ancestors was Judge Hawthorne, who harm a person.曾经有个做法官的祖辈害人。
②“The House of the Seven Gables”七尖角阁房,是霍桑著名神秘小说中的一个房屋名称。
③he reveals the depth of his concern with the dark side of Puritanism, the harshness and the persecutions.对清教徒阴暗面的深切关注,认为清教徒的戒行过于森严,对不同信仰人的迫害过于残酷。
④“Mosses from an Old Manse”《古厦青苔》、“The Marble Faun”《玉石神像》
⑤特点⑴unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. 独特才能主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质。
⑵his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appears strongly in his short stories. 短篇小说里,通过活生生、极具有象征意义的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题。
⑶to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time appear as a moral symbol.杰出之处在于他能把一个故事安放在自己设置的正义标准之中来讲述,他书中的正义标准成为当时人们的道德参考。
⑥(课堂笔记提及的)“The Scarlet Letter”《红字》
⑴女主角honest, calmly face fault 诚实,坦然的面对罪过。
⑵弗洛伊德人格理论:Id 本我 → 欲望,只要快乐 →Roger 女主角的丈夫
Ego 自我 → 分辨对错,受约束,符合现实 →Hester 女主角
Superego 超我 → →Dim 女主角的情人,牧师
⑶女主角的自我成长和自我救赎的过程。Ego growth and redeem by her own of process
⑦“The Scarlet Letter” analysis分析:it not a praise of a Hester sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned against. Young Hester borders on being licentious. Her drive is sexual. She does her best to keep her hold on the magic chain humanity. Her life eventually acquires a real significance when she reestablishes a meaningful relationship with her fellowmen Symbolic of her moral development is the gradual imperceptible change with the scarlet letter undergoes in meaning. At first it is a token of shame, “Adultery” but then the genuine sympathy and help Hester offered to her fellow villagers’ changes it to “Able”. Later in the story, the letter A appears in the sky, signifying “Angel”. There is reason to agree with the critical observation that A may represent Adamic, or prehistoric, an archetypal vice suggestive of “original sin,” Dimmesdale, on the other hand, banishes himself form society. Deeply preoccupied with himself, he lives a stranger among his admirers. The result is that, whereas Hester is able to reconstruct her life and win a moral victory, Dimmesdale undergoes the tragic experience of physical and spiritual disintegration. Between him and Hester they point to a moral as Hawthorne may intend them to do, that the best policy for man is to be true, honest, and ever ready to show one’s worst to the outside world.